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Start with multi-AZ VPCs, ALB for traffic distribution, and ECS/EKS for orchestration across Availability Zones. Use service discovery (Cloud Map) and API Gateway for inter-service communication with circuit breakers (Istio). Implement event-driven patterns via EventBridge/SQS for loose coupling and auto-scaling groups reacting to CloudWatch metrics. Apply Well-Architected Framework pillars: operational excellence (IaC), reliability (chaos engineering), cost (rightsizing), security (least privilege IAM), performance (caching/ElastiCache). Design for 99.99% uptime from day one.

Choose Terraform for multi-cloud flexibility or CloudFormation for AWS-native templates; both version-control friendly. Define modular stacks (network, compute, security) with variables/environments for dev/staging/prod. Use remote state (S3 backend) with locking (DynamoDB) to prevent concurrent changes. Integrate with CI/CD for plan/apply approval gates and drift detection. Test with Terratest or cfn-lint before prod deployments for reproducible, auditable infra.

Source from CodeCommit/GitHub → CodeBuild for build/test → CodeDeploy/ECS for deployment → manual approval gates. Parallelize unit/integration tests in CodeBuild using buildspec.yml with caching for npm/pip dependencies. Blue-green deployments via CodeDeploy for EC2/ALB or ECS rolling updates with health checks. Integrate security scans (CodeGuru) and IaC validation (CloudFormation lint) as pipeline stages. Monitor pipeline success rates and deployment frequency via CloudWatch dashboards.

CloudWatch for metrics/alarms/logs with anomaly detection ML models on CPU, cost, latency. AWS Cost Explorer for rightsizing recommendations and Savings Plans coverage alerts. CloudTrail + Athena for auditing API calls and GuardDuty for threat detection. X-Ray for distributed tracing in microservices and Compute Optimizer for idle resource alerts. Custom dashboards in Grafana/QuickSight aggregating billing/utilization KPIs for proactive FinOps.

ECS/Fargate for Docker containers needing orchestration without Kubernetes complexity—simpler ops, cost-effective for steady workloads. EKS for complex microservices requiring K8s ecosystem (Helm, Istio, advanced networking)—team has K8s expertise. Lambda for event-driven, sub-15min functions (API backends, ETL)—serverless pay-per-request, zero scaling concerns. Hybrid: Lambda for control plane, ECS for long-running jobs. Choose based on dev velocity vs. operational maturity.

Use AWS Migration Hub + DMS for databases (CDC replication) and Server Migration Service for VMs. Application-level: blue-green cutover with Route53 weighted routing or Database Migration Service for near-zero downtime DB sync. Containerize first, then lift to ECS via App2Container tool. Test failover in staging with Chaos Monkey, maintain parallel runs for 2 weeks. Post-cutover: optimize with Compute Optimizer and monitor synthetic traffic.

Multi-AZ RDS Aurora for databases with auto-failover <60s, ElastiCache Redis for caching HA. ALB + Auto Scaling Groups across 3+ AZs for compute, Route53 health checks + latency routing for DNS. S3 cross-region replication, DynamoDB Global Tables for data durability. Lambda VPC with AZ redundancy, EKS managed node groups spanning AZs. Well-Architected Reliability pillar: chaos engineering via Fault Injection Simulator.

GitHub: webhook → CodePipeline source stage, OIDC IAM roles for secure token auth without long-lived keys. Jenkins: EC2 plugin or CodePipeline Jenkins action, store AWS credentials in Secrets Manager. Pipeline pattern: PR → build/test → approval → deploy to dev → QA → prod with tag-based promotion. Shared ECR repos for images, CloudWatch Events for post-deploy hooks. Audit trails via CloudTrail for all pipeline IAM actions.